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The pathogenesis of COPD. Cigarette smoke activates macrophages (1), Download Scientific Diagram Risk factors for emphysema: What are they? Human Lung Damage Depicted By Cigarette Stock Illustration 2538404271 Shutterstock The role of cigarette smoke induced pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in COPD Respiratory Research Springer Nature Link Anesthesia Considerations for Patients with Emphysema Detroit Anesthesia Services Emphysema is a chronic lung disease where the alveoli (air sacs) in the lungs are damaged, leading to shortness of breath and reduced oxygen exchange.

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