It exists in two stereoisomers ( Figure 1 ), the biologically active levorotatory form (L-Carnitine) and the non-biologically active dextrorotatory form (D-Carnitine), with a combination of both (DL-Carnitine) widely available
547 Although macrophages are not yet proven to be capable of metallotoxicity against pathogenic Neisseria species, it has been shown that these immune cells can enhance zinc accumulation in cytoplasm and phagocytic vesicles through ZIPs
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The compounds oleuropein, tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, ligustroside, and dimethyl europein protect against coronary artery disease (2426) and cancer (27, 28)
Avicenna J Phytomed 8(3):246 Bernardi M, Ghaani MR, Bayazeid O (2021) Phenylethanoid glycosides as a possible COVID-19 protease inhibitor: a virtual screening approach
Moreover, although the in vivo dose of LP-EVs in our study was chosen based on in vitro efficacy, experimental feasibility, and precedent from the literatures, the lack of comprehensive pharmacokinetic and biodistribution data following topical administration prevents a precise delineation of their spatiotemporal distribution, retention time, and clearance pathways in vivo, thereby limiting a deeper, quantitative understanding of the relationship between tissue exposure levels and therapeutic efficacy